Biological environment, especially the wildlife, has seriously been affected by road and railway construction projects. The studies done on natural ecosystems in recent decades introduce roads and railways as factors that threaten the wildlife through the destruction and fragmentation of their habitats and preparing the grounds for overhunting and pollution.                      For the animals whose habitats are in roadsides, noise pollution causes disorders in their hearing so that they cannot do their biological activities well. Meanwhile, they suffer from air pollution which leads to respiratory problems and other biological disorders. If the mitigation measures suggested in this article are employed, these difficulties can be decreased. Generally, roads have more negative effects on the wildlife than the railways. The main problems of roads are: the salt that is used for deicing the road surfaces, increasing access to the natural ecosystems, and as a result, destruction of the environment and hunting of the animals, use of warm surfaces of the roads -- specially by reptiles -- and attraction of animals to the road by car lights at night.

In this thesis, we tried to study the patterns of rail transportation development in European and Asian countries, taking into account the development criteria of the rail network in our country and no matter of political, ethnic and taste orientations, taking into account the potential of provincial development and increasing the transit of international goods based on upstream documents regarding the prioritization of the planning and executive projects of the Deputy Director of Construction and Development of the country's railways and transparent horizons For development of rail transportation network according to the restrictions of the lead Financial particularly drawn to be placed on the agenda.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between development stations on the way to Tehran with the aim of developing transportation and transportation as a new topic in urban development and economic development goals. This research is applied research of descriptive research and its quantitative data. The statistical population of this study was 158 people, based on Cochran's formula, 112 of them were selected as a sample by simple random method. Standard questionnaires were used to collect which covered the development of transportation and information transfer and economic development. Structural equation modeling and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used to test the hypotheses. Research studies showed that there is a significant relationship between Tehran railway development stations based on transportation and transmission axis development and development, transportation development, increasing social justice and environmental sustainability. According to Friedman ranking test, among these factors, the reduction of public transportation costs has the highest rank.Based on the research results, it can be said that planning and relocation can be suitable for the development of Tehran railway stations, and its economic development is also supported.

The railway transportation planning under the fuzzy environment is investigated in this paper. As a main result, a new modeling method, called minimum risk chance-constrained model, is presented based on the credibility measure. For the convenience ofs olving the mathematical model, the crisp equivalents ofc hance functions are analyzed under the condition that the involved fuzzy parameters are trapezoidal fuzzy variables. An approximate model is also constructed for the problem based on an improved discretization method for fuzzy variables and the relevant convergence theorems. To obtain an approximate solution, a tabu search algorithm is designed for the presented model. Finally, some numerical experiments are performed to show the applications ofthe model and the algorithm.

Objective: Sirjan city has increased the economic importance of Kerman province. Sirjan is the main transit point for goods to eastern Iran, as well as Europe and the Persian Gulf and the return route of all commercial goods is from Shahid Rajaei port of Hormozgan to Central Asian countries, Caucasus and Russia. This city has a significant role and position as a special economic hub based on the advantages of docking, in the economic structure of Kerman province and in the future, the importance of this economic position will increase. Also, Golgohar mining region with iron ore rich mines as one of the most important active mining and industrial hubs in the Middle East, has many potentials to become a large and competitive region in Iran and even in the world. Golgohar Mining and Industrial Company, as one of the main players in the region, with a production capacity of 8. 5 million tons of concentrate and 5 million tons of pellets, has highlighted its role in the country's steel industry and as a special economic hub based on the advantages of docking, it has a significant role and position in the economic structure of Kerman province. also in the future, the importance of this economic position will increase. Whereas the role of transport in economic development and the creation of incentives to increase investment in this regard is undeniable; The process of selecting different transportation systems and combining them with each other is an important matter in planning the optimal development of Kerman province, because in the absence of the necessary information, transportation decisions regarding the existing demand are made based on experience. Methods: In this study, demand function of carrying minerals in the rail transportation system of Golgohar mine estimated with econometrics technique and panel data model during the period 2011-2017. And while introducing the factors affecting the demand for mineral transportation by rail, using the neural network, the future trend of demand for rail transportation of minerals has been predicted. Findings: The results indicate, value added of the mining sector, tonnage cargo of cargo road transported, cost of freight by train and cargo revenue are the most important variables and they have significant impact and effective on the demand for rail transportation of Golgohar minerals. The inelasticity of the demand for rail transportation of minerals in relation to freight costs by train was also confirmed in this study. Variables not only affect demand for rail transportation, but also a significant impact on the income of producers, industrialists, railroad and eventually to consumer prices. Because minerals as a factor in generating transportation costs has a high share in the cost price. Conclusion: Care should be taken to determine the choice of shipping method according to the time. Therefore, due to the lack of rail facilities and side lines in all areas of demand, at present, only the proposed solutions can be satisfied in the short term.

In comparsion between the different systems of transportation consideration type and amount of cargo type of the path and it's geographical spacifications and also the volume of damand for cargo transportation, almost any system or transportation will be more economical than the others.For the time being, the needed fuel for Tehran Railway Station which consists 30% of the fuel consumption of the Iranian Railways is supplied by Rey Refinary the fuel is transported to tehran Railways station by tank cars. In this paper after an evaluation of existing systems of fuel transportation, the fuel transportation by rail for Tehranian Railway Station has been discussed. And then the other forms such as road and pipe transportation has been compaired with the rail type, and their possibility and cost analysis has been presented and finally among all the ways of fuel transportation to the Tehran Railway Station, the optimum way has been proposed.

When individuals encounter conflicting cognitions, the motivation to mitigate the dissonance can result in a modification of one of their cognitions. Altering attitudes is one approach to achieving this objective, serving as a strategy to alleviate cognitive dissonance by adjusting cognitions associated with the attitude. This study aims to construct an interpretive structural model of attitude change grounded in cognitive dissonance within the railway transportation industry. Employing a mixed research design, the qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with experts, while the quantitative phase encompassed the development and distribution of a paired questionnaire among the statistical population of the railway transportation industry. During the qualitative phase, the theme technique yielded 6 overarching themes and 36 organizing themes. These themes were subsequently subjected to analysis using the interpretative structural modeling technique, categorizing them as autonomous, dependent, linked, and independent variables. One of the limitations of this study is the absence of similar research conducted in Iran.

The decision-making process of customers choosing a product or service is complex and dependent on many factors. These factors do not remain unchanged, and customers may change their behavior over time. This is important in markets with alternative products or services, and manufacturers and service providers should effectively monitor customers’ behavior and preferences so that they could be successful in the market. In the freight transportation industry, customers can choose between freight transportation modes. This study sought to identify factors influencing customers’ choices of transportation modes and contribute to transportation managers. Influential factors, e.g., time, safety, and distance, were extracted from the literature. The insignificant factors were excluded through expert views based on the Delphi method, prioritizing the remaining factors through the decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)-based analytic network process (DANP) and constructing the DEMATEL matrix of the criteria. It was found that cost, time, speed, safety, and health are the most important determinants of freight customers’ choices of land transportation modes.

Nowadays, transportation is a very important issue to be considered for the development of transportation in various areas. Transportation of materials and final products is carried out by various vehicles. However, rail transport is known as green and safe transportation due to safety and environmental sustainability. Regarding the world industrialization, transportation of hazmat materials is as an inseparable component of the transportation directory. In the real world, the combined daily transportation of hazmat and non-hazmat materials occurs because of lower transportation costs. Thus, because of the safety and the long distances between origins and destinations, the rail network is used. Thus, in this paper, we develop a freight transportation model for a railway network considering a hazmat and green transportation issue. In the considered transportation system, different customers can request for carrying hazmat and non- hazmat boxes. It is assumed that the sequence of the trains in the network is known. The objective is to assign the non-hazmat and hazmat boxes to the wagons of the trains such that transportation becomes safer. A zero-one integer programming model is developed that minimizes the cost of safe transportation and consumed fuel. To make the model closer to the real world, we consider a fuzziness concept in the presented model. This fuzzy model is solved by using a new fuzzy approach, named TH method. A numerical example is considered and the related results are compared with the optimal solution. Finally, the conclusion is provided.

Many studies have been conducted to analyze efficiency of railways for different countries. However, these studies have mainly focused on quantitative aspects of railway transportation and quality has been neglected. In this paper three new data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are presented. The first model is solved for assessing quality of passenger railway services in 71 countries of the world by including perceived quality of railways among outputs of DEA models for the first time in the literature. For the second model which is applied to 27 railways in Europe, a safety index is defined based on number of fatalities and serious injuries and is added as another output. Both models are solved for constant return to scale (CRS) as well as variable return to scale (VRS) setting with output orientation. The follow-up Tobit regression for the first model shows that efficiency results are positively correlated with quality of road and for the second model negatively correlated with the number of level crossings. In the third model which is applied to 19 train operating companies in the UK, passenger-km is the input and stated passenger satisfaction derived from questionnaires together with punctuality level are outputs which proved to be helpful for ranking companies based on quality of their services.